Sharing of information associated with events

ABSTRACT

Techniques are provided that allow users to collaborate in relationship to data views, application displays, applications or events. A user can type in a text view related to a specific view in an application display, and the information is shared with other users that take part in sharing that view. A user that expresses an interest in an event is notified about the event and has the capability to interact, in relation to the event, with other users (e.g. by text). The particular form of interaction (and sharing) can be selectively specified. This interaction is comparable to a dynamic bulletin board where the subject is event driven, and where a user can specify who are allowed to participate. In the case of an event interest(s), users specify their interest (e.g. in other user application events or system events) and the system automatically alerts them to the occurrence of the event.

RELATED INFORMATION

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/746,547 filed May 9, 2007; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/998,517 filed Nov. 29, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,231,596), which in turn claims priority to the following U.S. Provisional Applications: Provisional Application No. 60/250,035 filed Nov. 29, 2000, Provisional Application No. 60/259,488 filed Jan. 3, 2001, and Provisional Application No. 60/293,413 filed May 24, 2001. Each these U.S. patent applications and U.S. Provisional patent applications is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for providing scaleable, flexible, and interactive views of dynamically changing data stored in a cache, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for flexibly interacting, controlling and collaborating, in real-time, the display of data stored at a remote location and provided for interactive display over a network or locally.

The invention relates to many Web-based applications and as one example, to financial fields, such as financial portfolio and market data applications. In particular, in order to function effectively, users need the proper tools to research, monitor, and analyze portfolio and market information, and to communicate with one another, with customers and with suppliers. Existing software systems currently provide only partial solutions to these needs. These systems do not provide a flexible, outsourced, real-time, collaborative, Web-based total solution. It is further important for these professionals to have real-time tools which enable up-to-date data to be effectively displayed, manipulated and shared in order to allow fully informed and current decisions to be undertaken. Flexibility in user presentation can also be important to understanding the data and the relationship between different data points and entities.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following drawings, taken together with the description of the invention, in which:

FIG. 1 is a general architectural description in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is a more detailed description of the server architecture in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 is a first screen shot illustrating, a tabular view of data in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 4 is a second screen shot illustrating a tabular presentation of data in accordance with the invention;

FIGS. 5A and 5B a yet further detailed diagram of the overall server architecture in accordance with the failover mode of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a representation illustrating user display options;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart describing the general operation in accordance with the operating method of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a more detailed flow chart description of system operation in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 8A is a third screen shot illustrating a tabular presentation of data in which a selected trade can be modified or cancelled;

FIG. 8B is a fourth screen shot illustrating the next step in modifying or canceling a selected trade;

FIG. 9 is a confirmation screen shot for modifying the selected trade;

FIG. 10 is a screen shot of a tabular presentation enabling the user to modify a selected trade;

FIG. 11 is a screen shot illustrating a tabular presentation of data aggregated by country;

FIG. 12 is a screen shot illustrating a tabular presentation of data as a result of “drill down” of the country aggregation illustrated in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a particular implementation scenario shared application display methodology;

FIG. 14 is an alternate architecture for implementing the invention;

FIGS. 15-19 are screen shots illustrating column operations according to one aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 20A-20D represent a diagram of application display operations, allowing to hide and reveal different areas in the application display;

FIG. 21 is a diagram of an HTML based application;

FIG. 22 is a diagram of a browser based client application;

FIG. 22A is a diagram of a local client application;

FIG. 23A is a diagram of ViewServer implemented as a part of an ApplicationServer;

FIG. 23B is a diagram of ViewServer, AnalyticalServer, DataServer and transaction server implemented together as a part of module/thread/process;

FIG. 23C is a diagram of ViewServer implemented as an operating system process;

FIG. 24A is a diagram of an HTML based shared application;

FIG. 24B is a diagram of a browser based client shared application;

FIG. 24C is a diagram of a local client shared application;

FIGS. 25 A-C are diagrams showing moving a column in an HTML based shared application;

FIGS. 26 A-C are diagrams showing moving a column in a client-based shared application;

FIG. 27 is a diagram showing the display of different subsets of shared application functionality at the same time;

FIG. 28 is a flowchart of the operations performed in FIGS. 25A-C;

FIG. 29 is a flowchart of the operations performed in of FIGS. 26A-C;

FIG. 30 A is a diagram of standalone shared applications;

FIG. 30 B is a diagram of multi-service shared applications;

FIGS. 31-1 and 31-2 are a flowchart illustrating a connection to the shared application;

FIG. 32 is a flowchart illustrating a process of application sharing;

FIG. 33 is a one-to-many sharing of a local application through the network;

FIG. 34 is a flowchart illustrating application sharing by downloading a shared application (in whole or in part) to the local device for further sharing;

FIG. 35 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of sharing shortcuts;

FIG. 36 is a flowchart illustrating a process for alerting a user about changes in monitored conditions associated with the views;

FIG. 37 is a flowchart illustrating the process of setting parameters for controlling application access;

FIG. 38 is a flowchart illustrating the process of sharing media messages in the system;

FIGS. 39A-B illustrate flowchart of the process of saving and subsequently restoring views for further interaction;

FIGS. 40A-E are diagrams showing dynamic basic aggregation of a table;

FIGS. 41A-C are diagrams showing dynamic parameterized aggregation of a table;

FIGS. 42A-C are diagrams showing dynamic filtering of a table;

FIGS. 43A-I are diagrams showing a virtual column operations in a table;

FIGS. 44A-B are diagrams showing a login panel;

FIGS. 45A-H are diagrams showing various column charting operations;

FIGS. 46A-F are diagrams showing multi-column sort operations;

FIG. 47 is a flowchart illustrating column control bar operations;

FIGS. 48-1 and 48-2 are a flowchart illustrating the MatrixClick methodology;

FIG. 49 is flowchart illustrating providing parameters for table columns;

FIG. 50 illustrates an aggregation control panel according to one aspect of the invention;

FIGS. 51A and 51B illustrate filter control panels according to an aspect of the invention; and

FIG. 52 is a flowchart of the override function.

DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS Overall Architecture

Referring to FIG. 1, according to the invention, a general architecture of the system 10 includes a plurality of users 12 a, . . . 12 n connecting to the display generation system 14 over a communication network 16, here the Internet. The users 12 typically employ computing devices having a CPU, memory, storage, display, input devices, networking devices, etc., for communications with network 16. Other networks can include, for example an intranet or wireless network, local or with area networks, other public networks, etc. While other networks can be employed, the ubiquitous nature of the Internet, and the ability to connect to it make it an ideal communications medium with which to provide user access to the interactive display generation system 14. The display generation system 14 has a data processing, acquisition, and caching system 18 (here designated ViewTOTAL), which obtains; data from external data sources 20 and which further obtains transactional information from external transaction data sources 22. The users obtain, with this architecture, in accordance with the invention, a flexible, scaleable, real-time, interactive and collaborative view of configured data from the system 18 as described in more detail below.

Each of the computing devices is interconnected by a network. For simplicity, it is presumed that the network is a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network. However, other networking protocols such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) extension to TCP/IP, Internetwork Packet eXchange (IPX), Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX), AppleTalk, or the like can also be used. The network may be a single physical link, or a logical structure crafted from a combination of physical and non-physical data pathways (e.g., analog or digital dialup connections, satellite links, etc.).

In one embodiment, the system employs the combination of web-client software on each user computing device and web server software on the server. For example, the users can utilize web browsers and receive active HTML content (or JavaScript, Java, JScript, Active Server Page (ASP) files, ActiveX, Visual Basic, and the like) to interact with the server; and the web server can be an Apache web server or a Microsoft Internet Information Server.

When the system uses a web server, it is expected that Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags (or the equivalent) are used to cause transfer of pages to the client. (HTML is a document format based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SMGL) that uses “tags” to flag formatting, structure, data access, etc.)

The system 18, referring to FIG. 2, has, in the illustrated embodiment a plurality of independent servers, having their own operating systems, connected to communication networks, for example, private networks 30, 32, and which also connect to a database source 34 which can be either a mass storage system having its own operating system and third party database software, individual disk drives and a controller, or some other form of storage. The plurality of servers, and the private networks 30 and 32, enable the system 18 to be resilient in the case of failure of one of the networks, and enable, as will be seen below, redundancy at the server level.

Other configurations of servers and networks can also be used. The various servers noted above are in essence a set of object-oriented modules that can be implemented in variety of ways such as an operating system process, a thread in an operating system process, or a module in an operating system process, on one or multiple computers. There can be as a little as one instance of each server, or as many as needed system wide. Such a system is usable with one network, or even without the network if the whole system is running on one computing device, but multiple networks can be deployed for the purpose of redundancy.

The distinction between the “servers” are functional, and a variety of server hybrids can be assembled to fit particular needs or circumstances. In general DataServer deals with data gathering, AnalyticalServer deals with computations, TransactionServer deals with transactions and ViewServer deals with keeping displayed views. The servers typically cache the data in memory, therefore allowing quick access to their “clients” to the cached data. The ViewTOTAL can be assembled from any variety of combinations of the servers described above, while also having ApplicationServers for page generations and web servers for communicating with the users over the network. Indeed, it is also possible to have all of the ViewTOTAL functionality implemented on a single server system rather than multiple smaller systems.

For example, ViewServer can be implemented as an operating system process 2307 in FIG. 23C, or as a thread/module 2302 within an ApplicationServer process 2301 in FIG. 23A, or combined as a thread/module 2304 within one process 2303 with additional “servers” 2305, and communicating over a software “bus” 2306 as illustrated in FIG. 23B.

In particular, the illustrated system 18 includes one or more web servers 40, one or more ApplicationServers 42, one or more ViewServers 44, one or more AnalyticalServers 46, one or more DataServers 48 which can receive data from external data sources 20, and one or more transaction servers 52 which can receive external transactions from any of plurality of sources, such as external transaction sources 22, user input, uploaded data (such as through FTP or the Web), as well as other sources.

The system architecture enables provision of real-time shared views with the capability of interacting and manipulating application displays bi-directionally between systems connected through a Web to Web connection, a Web to local program connection, and a local program to Web connection, as well as a local program to local program connection through the Web.

In operation, referring to FIG. 7, the system 18 receives a request at 100 from the network 16 at the web server 40. The web server receives the typically html page request and sends, at 102, the request to the ApplicationServer 42 typically over one of the networks 30, 32. The ViewServers subscribe to updates from DataServer 48, transaction server 52, and AnalyticalServer 46 as well as using data from the database server 34.

The AnalyticalServer 46 asynchronously takes the information, processes, etc. and “calculates” the necessary data at 105, and delivers the data necessary for assembling the page (at 106) which will be organized and stored by the ViewServer in its cache (step 106) returned to the user over the networks 30, 32 through the ViewServer 44.

The AnalyticalServer 46 asynchronously takes the information, processes, etc. and “calculates” the necessary data at 105. It publishes the resulting data over the networks 30, 32. ViewServer receives the data to which it subscribed, and organizes and stores the data in its cache (step 106). The ApplicationServer assembles the page from the ViewServer data (at 108) and the page is returned to the user over the networks 30, 32 through the web server 40 at 112.

The AnalyticalServer recalculates only the changes in the received data, and the interval for recalculation is configurable, in the illustrated embodiment. Thus, for example, when the AnalyticalServer operates in a “HotCache” mode, it recalculates everything in real-time; when it operates in a “WarmCache” mode, it recalculates in the timeout period; and when it operates in a “ColdCache” mode, it recalculates only when requested. It is the user decision or an automated priority configuration system which decides which mode of operation to use. The DataServer receives data updates from subscribed data sources. Once received, the DataServer sends the data to its own subscribers and keeps a copy in its memory. The transaction server loads transactions from available sources, aggregates them, and keeps them in memory. It also subscribes to new transactions, modifications and cancellations and notifies its subscribers of the “updates” in stored data. The ViewServer subscribes to updates of the combination of data, analytics, and transactions, and when the information is received, it organizes and stores it in cache. The information that ViewServer subscribes to is either configurable globally (same information for all the users) or configurable as a per-user or per access identifier (see below). These and other configurations are kept by the system in a configuration database. Referring to FIG. 21, in the case of HTML-based applications, the ViewServer 44 operates in a request-reply mode—it receives update requests from the user application (for example a web browser 2110) on the client side and will automatically return an updated version of the web data or “view” through the ApplicationServer 42 and web server 40.

Referring to FIG. 22, in the case of a client-based application, the ViewServer 44 can operate either in a request—reply mode or in a publish-subscribe mode. In the publish-subscribe mode, client-based application 2210 subscribes to receive updates through its associated web browser, and the ViewServer 44 publishes the updates through the ApplicationServer 42 (since the client is, for example Java based, the web server 40 may not needed). While commonly using the HTTP protocol to communicate with the client through the web server and/or ApplicationServer, ViewServer can do it through other apparatus, without using the web server and/or the ApplicationServer. For example, it can be performed by having communication adapters in both ViewServer and the client program that use a common communication protocol.

In any instance, the invention described herein is not dependent upon the client program or how the client and server connect. In fact, referring to FIG. 22A, for a local client application, the locally based application may communicate directly with the ViewServer rather than processing through the ApplicationServer 42.

In the case of a local client-based application, the ViewServer may be implemented as that application. The ViewServer keeps information in its cache memory 70 specifically for speeding the access to the displayed data (at the user's display). When update occurs, the data status, on a cell by cell basis, can be displayed to the user using a color scheme customized for each user. Further, in appropriate circumstances, the ViewServer can communicate directly with the local client-based application.

Referring to FIG. 7 again, some of the data processing at 106 can result from a user request, for example, a data override request, while other of the data can be automatically processed at 106 as a result of the addition of new data obtained by the DataServer 48 or the transaction server 52. A client program can provide an automatic update using publish-subscribe paradigm, while HTML provides the data on request. The ViewServer organizes its cache 70 by displayed views of the application, from which it can then be passed, through the ApplicationServer where the web page is assembled at 108, to the web server, for delivery at 112 over the network 16 and then to a user 12. Such an organization of data greatly simplifies the page creation by the ApplicationServer, which serves as a mere “formatter” of the data that is already organized for viewing. Referring to FIG. 3, the data can be presented in a typical tabular format as illustrated by the screen shot of FIG. 3. This shows the data from two instruments being presented, in real time, to the user. The user can, as noted in the “Views” line 60, enable various views to be provided. Clicking on any of these elements will request from the system 18 a new view. The view is automatically refreshed, as noted above, at 114.

The ViewServers 44 each have their own cache 70 so that when requesting a currently used data view, it can be obtained without having to perform any further analysis or obtain any further information, again, from the database source 34. In a preferred embodiment, the table view, such as that illustrated in FIG. 3 is efficiently updated by subscribing to and receiving only changed data from relevant published data sources. In the illustrated particular embodiment of the invention, the cache 70 is organized in terms of user requested data views, as illustrated in FIG. 27.

According to the described embodiments, an application display is the display from the application which can be, for example, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) window or an HTML page. Each instance of the application display can have application controls including navigation controls 2010, information slice controls 2020, and a plurality of views such as table 80, graph 82, chart 84, news 86, alert 88, message 90 etc. (See for example FIG. 6). Each application can have one or more application displays as illustrated in FIGS. 8A, 8B, 10, 11 and 12.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, ViewServer will keep a version identifier for each of its views. The view version identifier will separately keep data changes and presentation changes. The ApplicationServer will keep the version identifier of its views as well and will compare its version of a requested view with the version kept in the ViewServer. For each data or presentation change, the view associated version identifier will be updated. If the version identifier for particular view(s) in the ViewServer did not change since the last view request by the application, the ApplicationServer can return its cached page for this view(s) without needing to reassemble the page.

In addition, referring to FIGS. 39A and 39B, views (one or multiple) can be saved at 3901 (for example as reports) and stored by the system at 3902. Later, the original or another user with access rights can access the saved view(s) at 3903. The system loads the saved views into ViewTOTAL, at 3904, and in particular, according to this embodiment of the invention, saved views need to be loaded by a DataServer while updating the AnalyticalServer and the user can interact with them, as well as share them with other users at 3905.

Sharing Mechanism

The system enables sharing information among a group of users communicating through a network, in a way that allows the users to share the application look, feel, interaction and data, in whole or in part.

In a particular preferred implementation, according to this aspect of the invention, the system architecture provides shared application displays with a capability of interacting and manipulating such application displays bi-directionally between systems connected through a network. The system implements bi-directional communication between user applications and shared application service 2410 as illustrated in FIG. 24A for HTML based application, in FIG. 24B for a browser client based application, and in FIG. 24C for a local client.

For a client based program like a Java applet, the web server 40 is needed to download its code, but it does not necessarily use a web server, or even an application server 42 for communication. Furthermore, for a local client, even the application server 42 may not be needed.

The shared application service can be for example an operating system process, an operating system thread, or a module within the process/thread. The shared application service can reside on a “server” or it can be downloaded from application storage 3304, in whole or in part to the client, and can be further shared with other users using architecture illustrated in FIG. 33. One shared application can have multiple services and can serve multiple user groups simultaneously. Users can join and leave the sharing group at any time.

There are a number of sharing modes that can be employed, either individually or in combination by a system. A data sharing mode refers to sharing a common set of data, so that when data changes are made by one of the users, or the shared application service data is updated through its internal computations or application external data sources, the change is reflected in the shared application service and will be seen by all other users of the application service when they view any such affected display or displays.

Data sharing allows an independent arrangement of shared data to be viewed by each user. For example, moving a column in a data sharing arrangement will not affect the shared application service or other user views, but an update of underlying shared data will. Typically in the case of data sharing, the system will create a new application service instance for each new user, as illustrated in FIG. 31.

View sharing refers to the way applications look, feel, and interact, and are shared among the users, so if, for example, a column is moved in a shared view, the column will be moved in the shared application and each other users' applications.

Typically, there is only one shared application service instance in the view sharing mode, even if there are multiple users authorized to access this particular service. Referring to FIG. 30A, a shared application service can be implemented as a standalone application 3001 instantiated for each user (or user group in the case of identical sharing within a group) or, referring to FIG. 30B, a multi-service application 3002 that provides configurable application functionality to each user (or user group in case of identical sharing within a group). Each instance of application service (either shared or not) has a unique global identifier 3010 which is used to by other system components, such as an ApplicationServer, to address the service.

A particular embodiment of such a shared application implementation according to the invention, is a ViewServer, which provides information view services to the user applications. The ViewServer organization of its cache, in terms of application views, enables sharing of application displays among multiple users. When a view in a ViewServer changes as a result of an information update or user manipulation, all the users that share this view in a view sharing mode, will receive a new updated view (either in real-time or at the next display refresh). The users that share in a data sharing mode will receive updates only in the case of an information update.

In the case of restricted access to an application the system can provide application access (and potential sharing) in one of two ways: the first method provides a username and or password. For example, as shown in FIG. 44A, the system displays username field 4410, password field 4420 (use of a password field may not be always necessary) and login button 4430. Upon entering these fields, the user activates the login button 4430. If the system authorizes login, the user is allowed to use the application. When using the same username and password, it essentially allows login to the same application, and enable complete sharing of the application. In the second method system create (as a result of a user request or an automatic system initialization) an identifier for such an access (to be called “access identifier”) and stores the access identifier with its associated information, which will specify the application services allowed to the user or users of that identifier. An identifier can thus be provided for each user (user identifier) or the whole group (group identifier). The identifier can provide an access to information (that can be static or dynamic) in the system. The accessed application service can be shared with other users (in whole or in part), or be provided on a standalone basis. The access identifier can be implemented, for example, as a URL link. Alternative access identifier implementation could be a username and password combination, in whole or in part. When the identifier is user specific and requires a password, use of that identifier should prompt only for the password field 4420 as shown in FIG. 44B, and save unnecessary typing of user name by the user.

Because of the nature of web based applications, accessing one application may allow access to multiple applications, and the other applications can be accessible through a URL link in the original application.

When implemented by use of a URL (a uniform resource locator), the system sends the access identifier (URL) to the user. The user opens its message (for example email, or a page in his application, appearing as a URL link). The user clicks on the link and brings the page to view. After a successful login (if a link requires authorization), the user enters his login information. If authorized by a system, he is allowed login to the application. The system connects the user to the application service which can be used according to the access identifier.

Referring to FIG. 32, when a user decides to share his application, in whole or in part, with additional users over the network at 3210, the user can specify which parts of application to share, any restrictions on how the shared application can be used, and for how long to share the application (at 3220). The user also decides who shall have access to the shared application (at 3220). The system then creates access identifier and stores it with related parameters at 3230. The system then sends a sharing message to the specified recipients at 3240. After opening the received message, recipients get access to shared application and can then use it (at 3250). The user and recipients (at 3255) are now sharing the application. In addition, the user can proactively monitor use of the application by other users and dynamically change any attributes associated with sharing the application (at 3260).

The application can provide the user with “shortcuts” which will allow to the user perform sharing more effectively. There are a number of shortcuts, among them a basic shortcut and a parameterized shortcut. The basic shortcut contains all the parameters for sharing and will be activated under control of one action. The parameterized shortcut has some parameters preset, and some parameters that need to be provided.

The user can create the shortcuts and store them in the system for further use. In a preferred embodiment according to the invention, a basic shortcut will contain an access identifier, to eliminate the need to create an access identifier each time, when all the parameters are already known. The parameters for implementing sharing can be provided from a combination of default values, and/or the previous usage history for the parameter, or can be provided by user.

For example, referring to FIG. 35, the application can have Share View, Share Page, and Share Application shortcuts that allow the user to specify what part of the application to share. In some cases, the user can specify, in one action 3501, what functionality to share and with whom.

More specifically, for example, in the case of technical support, the user can use help “shortcuts” such as View Help, Page Help, and Application Help. The shortcuts can be implemented, for example, as links or voice activated commands. Activating the View Help “shortcut” will cause an access identifier for the current view either to be extracted from shortcut at 3508 or to be created from the shortcut at 3502 and sent automatically at 3505 to technical support.

The technical support person who accesses a message with the access identifier will receive access to the specified user view at 3506 (which can be continuously updated). This will make the support process much more efficient, because the support person can instantly see and share at 3507 (either in the data or the view sharing mode) the information with which the user needs help.

In one particular embodiment of the invention the method for using a shared application can be implemented, as illustrated in FIGS. 31-1 and 31-2 using the following steps:

Connect to the shared application by providing an access identifier (for example a URL) (step 3101);

If the identifier requires either a user identifier and/or password (step 3102), the user enters this information (step 3102-1);

If access granted at 3103, then if the identifier indicates a data sharing mode (step 3104), go to step 3105;

Otherwise the system checks for the existence of an instance of the required application service at step 3106;

If no application service instance exists go to step 3105; otherwise the system connects (step 3107) to an existing application service instance;

In the step 3105 the system creates a new instance of the application service using the configuration associated with the access identifier and connects to the service instance;

The ApplicationServer (in the case of an HTML application), or otherwise the client-based application then creates, in step 3108, required application displays using the configuration associated with the access identifier; (the creation of application displays is affected because there are many displays and only few are required at a time).

The information is acquired from the shared application, in step 3109, using either a request/reply or a publish/subscribe mechanism;

The information is filtered as necessary at 3110;

If the application is an HTML application, the application display, with the information, is constructed at 3112; Otherwise, the application updates its displays with new information at 3115; If the user requests a new application display at 3113 the systems goes to 3108; Otherwise the system then loops to update or refresh, as necessary, the shared display depending upon the user application type as indicated in step 3112 (for example in an HTML implemented application the system loops to step 3108, while in client-based implementation the system loops to the step 3109);

The filtering operation of shared information, applied at 3110 can be performed in either the shared application service or in the ApplicationServer. When the ApplicationServer performs the filtering, the shared application service will provide all of the information for each application display and the ApplicationServer will filter the information for each user. This approach makes it easy to implement the shared application service since it is not aware of the application display filtering. The drawback is that unnecessary information is passed to the ApplicationServer.

Another approach is to implement filtering in the shared application service. This approach minimizes the data transferred to the ApplicationServer but introduces more complexity in the application service. To make data access and manipulation effective and fast, shared applications can store information in terms of user data views, so it can rapidly make updates according to user requests and distribute the updated data to the users. Each user application display, which can be a page (in HTML) or a window (in case of client-based applications), and each view within an application display, will be represented by corresponding objects in the shared application.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the manipulation actions and parameters which result, for example in the column manipulations described above, will be sent to the ViewServer for further processing.

Referring to FIGS. 25A-C and 26A-C, (and the corresponding flow charts of FIGS. 28, 29) suppose a user wants to move a column in a table. The shared application, in this case, will retain information, in cache, in terms of the user views. The shared application can store the information in a table format, which will make it easier for the application to move specified columns and also to update the views of other users.

For example, in an HTML user application, referring to FIG. 25A and FIG. 28, a table view 2530, in a user application 2510 and a table view 2540 in a shared application 2520 are illustrated, before moving a column. In FIG. 25B, the user selects the operation which will move column B to the right of column C (step 2810), and this instruction is passed to the shared application 2520 (step 2820) which implements the move as shown 2550 (step 2830); The user table view 2530, at this point in time remains the same. Referring to FIG. 25C, the next time the user page is refreshed (step 2840), it will reflect in the new view, shown at 2560, the column move operation, already performed in shared application (step 2850).

In a client-based user application, now referring to FIG. 26A and FIG. 29, a table view 2630 in a user application 2610 and a table view 2640 in a shared application 2620 show the data presentation before moving a column. Referring to FIG. 26B, a user selects an operation which will move column B to the right of column C (step 2910). This column is moved at the user application 2610 as shown at 2650 (step 2920); while the shared application table view 2640 remains the same. Referring to FIG. 26C, the instruction is then passed to the shared application 2620 (step 2930), which moves its table column B as shown at 2660 (step 2940).

Referring to FIG. 27, different users can be given access to different subsets of shared application functionality (typically the views) at the same time. Thus, as shown in FIG. 27, a shared application 2710 has opened several views A, B, C, D. Three user applications 2720, 2722, 2724 connect to the network 16. In accordance with the invention, different ones of the user applications will typically have access to different views of shared application. Thus, as shown in this example, user application 2720, has access to views A and B; user application 2722 has access to views B, C and D; and user application 2724 has access to views B and D. According to this aspect of the invention, a change made in view B, will be seen by all the user applications; while a change in view D will only be seen by the other user application 2724 or 2722, respectively (typically instantly in a client-based application or at a next refresh in an HTML-based application). Changes in view A will be seen only by user application 2720.

The shared application service also allows users to interactively share information in different media forms such as data views (table, charts/graphs), text-like views (news, alerts, messages), voice and video. Once an application is shared for example, through the data views, the sharing participants can collaborate further through the use of text, voice and/or video. Upon access to the shared application service, then, the user will be able to read and write text, speak and hear using voice, and show and watch video, as well as view the associated application. (When the shared application service is sharing views, it is acting as a shared ViewServer.)

Users can thus collaborate using media such as text, voice and video in relationship to the combination of data views, application displays, the applications themselves, and events, or can collaborate independent of them. For example, in case of a text/data-view relationship, referring to FIG. 38, the user can type in the text view at 3801 related to the specific view in the application display, and the information is sent to the shared application service at 3802, and that text also can be shared with other users that take part in sharing that view at 3803. This way, users can not only share the data and views, but also can include commentary relevant to the shared views.

In another example, in the case of media/event relationship, there is a headline about particular event. A user that expresses an interest to interact about the event will be notified about the event and will have the capability to interact, in relation to the event, with other users (by text, through voice or video). The particular form of interaction (and sharing) can be selectively specified. This is comparable to a dynamic bulletin board, where the subject is event driven, and where the user can specify who are allowed to participate. The interactions can be recorded and replayed later. In the case of an event interest(s), the users specify their interest (which can be in either other user application events or system events) and the system automatically alerts them to the occurrence of the event. Furthermore, the system can provide not just the alert but also additional information (such as the associated view(s)), so that the alert can be related, in context, with that additional information. For example, messages with a corresponding text description can be provided automatically if triggered by conditions that have been specified by the user. In this way, a user can proactively watch a limited number of views, but once there are changes that occur in other views of interest, the user will receive a message that includes an access identifier to such other view or views. The identifier can point to or provide an access to a snapshot of a view at the triggered moment as well real-time views. The view typically contains a combination of table views, chart/graph views, news, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 36, the user specifies, at 3601, any association(s) among one or more conditions (a condition group) and the views to be sent to him and/or other users when such condition(s) occur. The user can further specify other attributes, at 3602, such as the size and location of the views to be displayed, and whether to display these views automatically or under control of the user. The system creates an identifier and the associated information for each condition or condition group (users, views, view size, and location, etc) and stores the identifier and information (at 3603). The system monitors for the occurrence of such condition/condition group at 3604. When condition/condition group occurs, the system sends the access identifier to the user(s) at 3605. The views can then be displayed to the user automatically or manually under user control (at 3606). It should be noted, that the user, at any time, can modify the attributes of an access identifier at 3607.

Referring to FIG. 37, once initiated at 3701, the system tests, at 3702, whether sharing is to be implemented. If sharing is to be implemented, the user then determines, at 3703 whether any default parameters will be customized. If none are to be customized, the user proceeds to 3706, otherwise the user specifies and customizes those parameters at 3705. The user then determines whether any other parameters need to be specified at 3706. If yes, the user specifies and sets those parameters at 3707 after which the system implements the sharing mode at 3708. If no parameters are to be specified at 3706 the system proceeds to implement the sharing mode at 3708.

The application access identifier can be generated automatically by the system based on the identity of receiver, or can be generated using user specified information at the time of generation. In either instance, it is then sent to the recipients by the system. The sender of the identifier will be able to see what identifiers he sent and can dynamically change access of a recipient by modifying parameters associated with the identifier. The system will selectively create application views and displays based on these parameters. Such a per-user customization will provide a subset of shared application functionality to such a user.

The user can specify application access parameters or use default parameters (which can be further overwritten). Some or all of the parameters can have a default value on a per user basis. The system will create an access identifier and will store the following parameters associated with the identifier. In a typical implementation, the system parameters which are used are:

For how long the identifier is valid?

Which users can use the identifier ?

Does the identifier usage requires further information?

-   -   such password and/or user ID?

What information is accessible?

-   -   information slices;     -   view groups and views;     -   columns within the view;     -   chart/graph type available;     -   capability to make transactions;

What content is displayed?

-   -   Sensitive content can be “blacked-out”

What kind of interaction is allowed:

-   -   for example, moving columns, sorting, etc.

Is data sharing or view sharing implemented?

What components of the application display are shared?

Can further sharing of the application be allowed?

The system will keep a history of sharing and can provide a user with the choice of previously selected used parameters.

In other aspects of the invention, a number of implementations and uses of the inventive architecture are described below.

In one particular embodiment, the system can be deployed locally and the shared application is implemented as a local application with a graphical user interface (GUI). This configuration of the software allows a bi-directional interaction between in-house (local) applications and Internet/Intranet (web-based) applications where any operation in one program is automatically reflected in another program through the use of shared views. For example, sorting or moving a column by a first in-house user of a group, will result in an updated (sorted/moved) display on the web-based application of a second user of the group, and vice versa. Further, when the user using web-based application accesses a new application display which has not yet been viewed by the local user, it will cause a new window to pop up on the local user's screen. Also, in another example, when the user using a web-based application, changes an information slice (such as a portfolio which he is viewing in the case of a financial application), the result will be displayed in the local application, thus showing that information slice (portfolio) to the local user.

This application display methodology can be advantageous for users who want to control proprietary data and applications locally, and at the same time, have the flexibility of interactively remotely accessing the data through the network in exactly same way as though they were local.

The system thus also provides a message sharing platform. Referring to FIG. 13, as one example, users can go to an outside meeting (step 500) and yet access all of the application views which are available on the corresponding local application, in the same way that it existed, at his computer, when he left it. (step 502). Further, he can access the views, interactively, from any computer with internet access and without any setup delay. In addition, the user can interact and modify the views from the remote location, (step 504), and when the user returns from the meeting (step 506) he will find, at his display device, the views he was watching before he left and/or any new/modified views created during his outside visit (step 508).

In another example, the user can monitor from home any of his peers and can selectively look at any of the application displays of his peers in the real-time. This is accomplished because the ViewServer keeps information regarding the views which were accessed and used. Essentially then, the methodology of the invention, using this structure, provides the capability of sharing interactive real-time application views from any location at any time.

In a similar manner, two or more web-based applications can interact through shared application displays in a shared application/ViewServer architecture (FIG. 2) and where the shared application/ViewServer can be either a local application or a server application.

Accordingly, a typical architecture for implementing shared views and maintaining the applications “in-house” is illustrated in FIG. 14. In accordance with this architectural aspect of the invention, a plurality of local computing devices 530 connect to a private network or intranet 540 and run the applications “locally”. There is provided a connection between the private network (for example a local area network or virtual private network) and the public network (for example the Internet or intranet) 550. Remote computing devices 560 connect over the public network to the private network 540. In a similar way if network 550 represents an intranet then local users can access and share other local user applications of others. Another example is a one-to-many sharing interaction where the user runs his local application on his device (which can be, for example, a computer, laptop or wireless PDA) and can share the application with other users through the network. This way the user is in complete control of the application sharing because it resides on his device and he can, at any point of time, physically disconnect other users or terminate the program.

Referring to FIG. 33, an operation according to one embodiment of the invention, a user device 12Z, in this particular embodiment, will have a web server 40, an ApplicationServer 42 as well as a shared application 3303. In the case that the application is not initially located on the user device (such Java applet or C# based program, for example), as tested at 3410 (FIG. 34), it can be downloaded with associated resources at 3430 from other locations such as application storage 3340. Once the application is on the user device, the user can send a message to other users 12-12 n at 3440 which will contain an identifier for the sharing access. The sharing users will utilize this identifier at 3440 to login to the user device through the web server and share the application. In some embodiments of this aspect of the invention, depending upon the nature of the shared application and the network 16, the WebServer and ApplicationServer may not be needed.

Interactive Table

HTML is a widely used standard but it does not have the built-in facilities to interactively manipulate table content especially when this content is dynamically updated. According to the invention, therefore, column, row, and cell interactivity can be provided to manipulate the table content. For convenience, most of the interactivity and manipulations described here relate to columns of a table, however they are equally applicable to manipulations and interactivity among the rows of a table. Many of the manipulation herein described can also be advantageously applied to non-HTML tables.

Column Operations

As illustrated in FIG. 3, there are included in the display various control “buttons.” In this embodiment, selecting a control button will visually mark it and deselecting it will remove the visual marking of the control button. In addition, when there is only one control of particular type that can be selected at a time in a given table, selecting another control of the same type will deselect the previous control.

Such control will be called uni-column control. For example, selecting a column to move can be applied only to one column at a time.

On the other hand, a column filter can be applied to multiple columns and as such it is a multi-column control. Selecting second multi-column control will not deselect a first one. Some of the controls can be configured as either uni-column, or multi-column, for example column sort. Multi-column controls will have in addition to controls associated with columns, a per table control which allows selecting/deselecting all the operation that apply to a selected controls of that type.

There are a few practical reasons, for having such a control. First, it allows deselect all the operations of particular type within one action, without the need to individually deselect controls in each selected column. Second, after deselection, it will allow selection of all previously unselected controls at once, thus keeping a history of last multi-column selection of that type.

Also, the table will keep a history of multi-column operations, thus allowing the user to easily choose from previous operations. For each selected multi-column control of particular type, an associated per-table control of that type will be presented in a per table control panel. This is illustrated in FIG. 45G and FIG. 45H.

Buttons 62 a, 62 b, . . . , 62 m, in this embodiment, for example, when clicked upon, will automatically enable a rearrangement of the views, so that the column clicked upon is sorted and visually marked, and presented either in ascending (sort up) or descending (sort down) order. The marked column control button can be visually marked (such as enlarged, and/or highlighted or otherwise distinguished). Any of the columns can be selected and will control the reorientation of each of the rows into an order according to that column.

In addition, an additional control button such as a button 62 x separate from the table (as illustrated) can be used to lock the particular sort selected (sort lock), no matter to which of the columns the sort relates. Alternatively, a lock button can be displayed adjacent to an actuated button 62 a, 62 b . . . 62 m. The sort lock control button will appear only after a sort was performed in the table. Once locked, that order will be maintained across the entire table and the rows rearranged if updated data requires such a rearrangement in rows. The sort can be implemented to automatically take place as the data is dynamically updated. Note that in accordance with this embodiment of the invention, only one column can be selected at a time to control the sort operation. To indicate such a sort lock, the sort lock control button will be visually marked (such as highlighted and/or enlarged) in the column, that was lock sorted. Actuating that control button, deselects the sort lock function, leaving the visual appearance of that button in its normal state. Further, selecting the sort control button in any other column, while one is already activated, will deselect the previous sort lock, and enable a new sort lock associated with the newly sorted column.

Alternative embodiment of the invention is multi-column sort, and multi-column sort lock/unlock. For example, as shown in FIG. 46A table 4610 presented, having three columns A (alphanumeric column), B (date column, where format used is Month/Day/Year) and numeric column C. Each of the columns has associated sort controls, such as sort ascending control 4602 and sort descending control 4603 in column A. Selecting control 4602 in FIG. 46A sorts table 4610 by ascending order of column A resulting in table 4620, while visually marking control 4602A, as shown in FIG. 46B. Selecting control 4604 in FIG. 46B sorts table 4620 by ascending order of column A and then ascending order of column B, resulting in table 4630, while visually marking controls 4602A and 4604A, as shown in FIG. 46C. Selecting control 4606 in FIG. 46C sorts table 4620 by ascending order of column A, then ascending order of column B and then ascending order of column C, resulting in table 4640, while visually marking controls 4602A, 4604A and 4606A, as shown in FIG. 46D. In one embodiment, the sort order among the columns in the multi-column sort, is established by the relative positions of the columns. For example, moving column B in FIG. 46D to the first column, moves column A to the second column, and the sort among the columns is done in the following order: first by ascending order of column B, then by ascending order of column A and then by ascending order of column C, resulting in table 4650, as shown in FIG. 46E. Selecting sort descending control 4608 in column C, results in table 4660, as shown in FIG. 46F, where visually marking is removed from control 4606A (indicated at 4606) and visually marking control is added to control 4608 as indicated at 4608A. Multi-column sort can be also sort locked, resulting in dynamically keeping the established sort order while data in the table is dynamically updated. Multi-column sort lock control will be typically located in per-table control bar described earlier.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the user action and its parameters are passed to and maintained on the ViewServer. For example, sort order will be maintained on the ViewServer, so that the columns will be resorted upon the presentation to the user as the data changes. This allows for the same sort order to be maintained even where the user logs out from one location and logs in from a separate location. This advantageously saves the user from needing to repeat the steps which relate to his preferred “view” of the data as the user may move from one location and log on at another.

In addition, other, or hidden, control buttons can be displayed to scroll and move columns to the left and/or right. Accordingly, in one general embodiment of the invention, one can use a “control button” such as the control button 63 illustrated in FIG. 3 to open up, or activate, a new series of control buttons, like control buttons 65, which, when clicked upon, selects a column and enables that column to be moved to the left or the right one or more columns. For example, one of the previously hidden control buttons, when clicked upon, can open up a series of buttons (like button 65), or those buttons 65 can be displayed by default. Then, the first button clicked identifies a column to be moved while a second button clicked identifies where to move the column. The data can then be rearranged in the view. Also, in this manner, the data presentation can be flexibly altered, in an automatic “click and drag” or other manner to move related column data so that it is adjacent to each other. Also, in this manner, different views of the data can be automatically obtained, in real time, to enable view analysis and/or otherwise help the decision process. To accomplish the new view, the requested “button” click is sent by the user's browser back through the network 16 to the system 18 where the new view and page can be assembled and obtained.

For example, according to one embodiment of the invention, each column can have a Control Button to select the column to be controlled, and MoveTo (← →) Buttons (such as buttons 630, 632 to be described later), and Sort Up/Lock/Down buttons. Clicking on the Sort button will rearrange the view so that the column clicked upon is presented either in ascending or descending order. If the Control Button in the column is clicked on, then that column will be identified visually as the selected column and will cause the display of MoveTo buttons on all the columns except the selected column. A TableView Control Button, when clicked, shows the Column Control Button and Column MoveTo (← →) Buttons. If the ColumnMoveTo Button of a column is clicked, this column will be moved (if possible) one column to the right if the → button clicked, or one column to the left if the ← button was clicked. If the Column Control Button is clicked, the subsequent clicking of a ← or -< button on a different column causes the selected column to move accordingly to the left or the right of the clicked on column. Also, according to another embodiment of the invention, each column can have a Control Button that allows the user to hide that column, as well as button(s) to reveal adjacent hidden columns.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, referring to FIG. 15, the GUI presentation has a column control actuation button 600. This mechanism can turn on (cause to be displayed) “column controls” in the column headers. (FIG. 16). These controls 602, 604, 606, . . . can be added or removed by actuating the column control actuation button 600. Thus when this control is turned on, as in FIG. 16, on, the columns will have controls 602, 604, 606, . . . in the headers, and when the control 600 is turned off (FIG. 15), the column controls 602, 604, 606, . . . will disappear. In this way, the system preserves space on the user screen and does not show the control buttons when they are not needed. Thus, the system avoids cluttering the screen, yet provides the flexibility to add the controls with one actuation. (For simplicity, in the figures, upon activation of button 600 only those controls needed to understand the figures have been illustrated. It is to be understood that in actual system, all of the control buttons that were configured to be displayed, will be presented.)

The column controls of FIG. 16 allow the user to rapidly and effectively perform a sophisticated manipulation of columns, such as column sort, sort lock, move, hide and reveal, aggregation, filtering, charting and more. These controls allow direct manipulation of information without displaying any additional screens, so that the user can continuously watch the current view. The system will also have a column control bar, which, as shown in FIG. 47, provides the ability to selectively indicate which of the column controls will appear (at 4710), and in what arrangement (at 4720), when the column controls are displayed.

Once the control button 600 is in its “on” state (FIG. 16), several operations can be implemented. In one such operation, the move select <→ button 620 indicates a column to move. Clicking on the <→ button will select the column for a move and the selected button will be visually marked (for example enlarged). All of the columns, except the selected column will show “now Move To <.vertline. .vertline.>” arrows 630, 632 (FIG. 17).

In another aspect, either of the <.vertline. .vertline.> buttons 630, 632 will move the selected column respectively to the left/right of the clicked column. Thus, in FIG. 17, button 640 was selected, with the result shown in FIG. 18. Further, clicking the <→ button 620 on the selected column will deselect it, and the visually marking of the button 620 will be removed and the “move to” controls 630, 632 in FIG. 17 in all other columns will disappear. Clicking the <→ on any other column will deselect the previous column as the column to move and will select the “other” column as the column to move.

In addition, one of the column control buttons “−” is used to hide that column. Selecting the “−” control will cause that column to disappear from the table. Such a “hidden” column will be indicated by a newly appearing “+” button in the column that was adjacent to the “hidden” column. Selecting the “+” button will “reveal” the “hidden” column. It is possible that a given column will have more then one “+” which will indicate there are multiple hidden columns adjacent to that column. The user can selectively “reveal” a specific column whose identity can be displayed while rolling a mouse over the “+” buttons.

Aggregation

Referring to FIG. 40A, other controls for effecting other manipulations of the table can be made visible by clicking on button 600. The control buttons {‘4001, as shown at FIG. 40A, are used for preset or dynamic aggregation of the table by the content of the associated column when selected. Beside a preset aggregation table, where the aggregation criteria are fixed, the table can be dynamically aggregated by any column in the table. When a column is selected for aggregation by activating ‘{’, the aggregate control 4001 will be visually marked (for example enlarged and/or highlighted) to indicate the selection, as shown at 4002 (FIG. 40B). If that column was not a first column, the aggregated column will become the first column. In the newly created aggregated table, only the numeric data columns that can be aggregated will be presented. When aggregated view 4020 is drilled down upon, by activating a folder-like control 4003A, for a row 4006 in the aggregated column, the resulting detail table 4040 (FIG. 40D) for that row will present all of the columns of data from the original table 4010. The original table 4010 will again be displayed after deselecting the selected ‘{’ control 4002. Alternatively, selecting aggregation of a different column, for example column D in table 4020 will display a new aggregated table 4050 (FIG. 40E). In both cases, the visually marking of previously selected control 4002 will be removed. There can be at least two types of aggregation: basic aggregation and parameterized aggregation (for example, range aggregation where aggregation is performed based on specified ranges). Basic aggregation uses solely a column content to group the information. For example, in FIG. 40A, basic aggregation is applied to column B in the table 4010.

As a result, a new table 4020 is generated containing only the aggregated column B and derived numeric columns, such as shown in columns in C and D. The column B becomes a first column. Original column A, which contained text information is not included in table view 4020. In FIG. 40B, five aggregated groups are created in column B labeled 500, 700, 800, 850 and 1100, and contain folder-like controls 4003. An aggregation control 4002 in column B visually indicates that aggregation is performed using that column. Correspondingly, the content of a selected row in column C in table 4020 is the result of straight addition of the values in column C for the rows having a value in column B of table 4010 equal to the value in column B of the selected row in table 4020. Further manipulation of the resulting aggregated columns, using a selected function, is possible. For example, in FIG. 40C an averaging function is applied to the underlying data of column C resulting in average values as illustrated in column C avg. For example, the value of C avg in the row corresponding to the folder labeled 1100 of FIG. 40C is an average value of the values in column C in the rows of FIG. 40A, which contain value 1100 in column B. As noted above, other functions can be applied to the underlying data of FIG. 40A.

Referring now to FIG. 41A, a range aggregation of column information is illustrated, applying for convenience the same table illustrated in FIG. 40A. The aggregation criteria applied to column B in FIG. 41 A, rather then selecting single cell values, selects a range of column cell values and aggregates the data associated with the rows grouped by the selected criteria. For example, aggregating a column B in FIG. 41A using a range of 250, for example, as illustrated, using a base level of 0, will result in a table 4120 as shown in FIG. 41B. Applying an averaging function to the underlying data in column C, in FIG. 41B, results in the illustrated table 4130 of FIG. 41C.

The parameters for parameterized aggregation can be automatically presented based on raw column type (such as string, numeric, date), the semantics of that column (for example—column name), the view, and the user's previously selected parameters for that column.

In operation, referring to FIG. 40 or FIG. 41, the user initiates the aggregation operation by clicking on the ‘{’ control. The system, if so configured, can perform, for example, in response to single action, an immediate default aggregation (for example a basic aggregation, or the aggregation performed last time). If a parameterized aggregation is performed in a non default mode, the system displays an aggregation control panel 5010 in any of a number of convenient display formats, for example a pop up window, or in a designated area appearing above the table, as shown in FIG. 50. Deselecting column aggregation, will remove column aggregation panel, if it was displayed.

In the aggregation control panel display, aggregation criteria will be presented and will be context sensitive (either one or a combination of per column data type, column semantics, per view, per user). For example, if the aggregated column represents dates, and parameterized aggregation is selected, the displayed criteria could present a choice of aggregating the data by week, month, quarter, year or another increment to be used for aggregation (for example, aggregate by each consecutive 3 days). In the case of text columns in a parameterized aggregation, the displayed criteria could be a choice of regular expressions. In addition, the context sensitive history of a user's previous selections can be displayed. That history is dependent at least on the column and/or the aggregation type selected. The user can choose additional aggregation parameters from the aggregation control panel. Upon selection, a table corresponding, for example, to FIG. 40B or 41B, is presented for view.

Filtering

Referring to FIGS. 42A-C, in addition to the controls already described, another column control ‘*’ 4201 is used for dynamic filtering of the table by the content of selected column. The table rows can be dynamically filtered by any column or columns in the table. A column is selected for filtering by activating the ‘*’ filtering control, and will be visually marked (for example an enlarged or highlighted ‘*’ 4202) to indicate the selection. In the newly created filtered table 4220, only the rows that match the filter criteria in the filtered column or columns will be displayed. As a result, the totals in the columns, where totals are computed, can be affected. The effect of column filtering will be reversed after deselecting the selected ‘*’ control in the column, and the visual marking of previously selected control 4202 will be removed. In the case where the table is already aggregated, the rows of the table underlying the aggregated table are those that filtered.

For example, in FIG. 42A filtering is applied to column B by selecting control button ‘*’ 4201 in that column. As illustrated in FIG. 51A, a filter control panel 5110 appears, for example as a pop-up window or displayed above the table. The user sets the filter criteria for that column, for example, a range between 300 and 900 (as shown in FIG. 51A, the filter control panel 5110 at this point presents filter criteria 5115 for column B) and applies it. As a result, a new table 4220, as shown in FIG. 42B, is displayed. Subsequently, activating a filter control in a different column will display new filter criteria in the filter control panel 5120 for each column to be filtered. Setting the filter in the range between 100 and 300 in column D (as shown in FIG. 51B, a filter control panel 5120 at this point presents filter criteria 5115 for column B and filter criteria 5215 for column D) results in the table 4230 as shown in FIG. 42C.

Filter criteria presented in the control panel will be context sensitive (either one or a combination of column data type, column semantics (for example—column name), view and user history). For example, if the filtered column represents dates, the criteria presented could be a choice of start date and end date, or criteria including only rows whose date is within a specified number of date units (for example, filter from today going forward a week). In the case of text columns, the filter criteria could present a choice of regular expressions. Upon activating a filter in the filter control panel, the selected filter criteria will be applied to the table. In addition, the context sensitive history of a user's previous selections can be displayed. That history is dependent on the column to which the filtering is applied. The user can choose additional parameters from the filtering control panel. In both cases of aggregation and filtering, the user can be visually presented with indications as to the nature of the information presented. For example, the title of the view will indicate if the view is aggregated and/or filtered and will provide the corresponding details.

Charting

Referring again to FIGS. 18 and 19, the column header can also have a control button “o” 650 (FIG. 18) to indicate charting. Clicking on this button, will cause the system to present a graph/chart 656 (FIG. 19) for the selected column. The column is visually marked in the column header by having a larger “O” button 654 (FIG. 19). Clicking on the “O” button 654 will deselect the charted column reverting control button “O” to its original size and will close the display chart/graph for this column.

Charting/graphing can be enabled for one column at a time, or for multiple columns (either real columns or proxy columns). A proxy column is one not fully revealed in the selected, displayed column. In the case of uni-column charting/graphing control, selecting the control will result in displaying one chart/graph at a time for the associated table. In the case of multiple column charting/graphing, the system will display a chart/graph of each of the plural selected columns separately, or combine them in one chart/graph, if possible, depending for example, on data and/or chart/graph type. Each of the charts has separate controls for further customization, for example a chart type control 658.

For example, referring to FIG. 45A, charting/graphing is applied to column B by selecting control ‘o’ 4501 in that column of table 4510. As a result, a chart 4525 is displayed together with a table 4510, where chart/graph control 4502 is visually marked, as shown in FIG. 45B. If charting/graphing is set for uni-column operation, then selecting charting/graphing control 4503 in column D in FIG. 45B, will result as shown in FIG. 45C, in a table 4510, where chart/graph for column B is replaced by chart/graph 4535, where control 4504 is visually marked, and the visual marking of control 4501 is removed.

If charting/graphing is set, by the user or system, for multi-column operation with a separate chart/graph display for each column, then selecting charting/graphing control 4503 in column D in FIG. 45B, will result, as shown in FIG. 45D, in a table 4510, where both control 4502 and control 4504 are visually marked, and chart/graph 4535 is displayed along with chart/graph 4525. Further clicking on control 4502 in column B in FIG. 45D will deselect the chart/graph for that column, and will result, as shown in FIG. 45E, in a table 4510 where the visual marking is removed from control 4501, and only graph/chart 4535 is displayed.

If charting/graphing is set for multi-column operation, where the data is combined in one chart/graph, then selecting charting/graphing control 4503 in column D in FIG. 45B, will result, as shown in FIG. 45F, in table 4510, where both chart/graph controls 4502 and 4504 are visually marked, and a combined chart/graph 4565 for displaying the data of both columns B and D.

Shown in FIG. 45G, are table 4510, the combined chart 4565 of columns B and D, visually marked chart/graph controls 4502 and 4504, a control panel 4590 for the table, and chart/graph “undo” column control 4592 for the table. Selecting control 4592 in FIG. 45G, results, as shown in FIG. 45H, in table 4510 without removing chart/graph 4565, and with the visual marking from controls 4591, 4501 and 4503 removed. If, control 4591 in FIG. 45H is selected, it will result in displaying the combined chart/graph for columns B and D (the “undoing” of the last operation) as shown in FIG. 45G. In the case where table data is continuously updated, (for example, using the adaptive pull mechanism in the case of an HTML based application) the associated charts/graphs are updated accordingly.

The appropriate graph/chart type can be automatically chosen based on the view, the column and the data, if the system is set up for automatic selection. For example, if the data is negative, a horizontal bar graph can be used, and if the view is an aggregated view, a pie chart can be displayed. Otherwise, the system will present the default or most recently used chart/graph type, and provide the capability to select from other chart types, as shown for example, in FIG. 19, chart 656.

The invention also provides a view column control follow-up feature, which allows for the relevant column control information and related presentation to propagate from one view to another view, such as, for example, propagating from aggregate view to detail view, or propagating among different views in the same view group.

The view column control follow-up can be provided for both multi-column and uni-column controls, as long as the data in the followed-up view can be presented in a non-conflicting manner. For example, a column sort lock and column charts that are presented in aggregated view can be automatically presented in a detail view. (For an aggregated view, which has presented chart/graphs, the drill down can be performed using a chart/graph or using folder-like control 4003A in aggregated rows in the table). As a result, the detailed view will be sorted in the same order as aggregated view, and charts presented in the aggregate view will be presented in detail view.

Similarly, all the described controls in the columns can be applied to the rows as well, in which case full symmetry is applied where rows will be substituted by columns, and vice versa. The table, if appropriate, will have a selection mechanism to decide if it is column controlled or alternatively row controlled.

A table, according to the invention, has the capability of dynamically adding columns from an available database of virtual columns or removing columns from the table. That capability, combined with dynamic aggregation by any column and filtering by any column combination (that is, by more than one column) provides a very flexible method for data searching and presentation.

A table's columns can thus be of two types: regular and virtual. Regular columns are ones that appear in the tables, either visible or not (hidden). The virtual columns are ones that can be added to the table, either as a regular column or a proxy column. A proxy column is a column to whose content, column manipulation can be applied, thereby potentially changing the displayed data in the table or in a view related to the table, but without displaying the actual data of the proxy column. A virtual column can be selected from the virtual database using a list, a browsing mechanism or another convenient method. The user can decide how to use the virtual column (either as real or proxy column).

A preferred embodiment, according to this aspect of the invention, for a proxy column features a column header for a regular column, which contains all the column controls. Furthermore, the selected column can be instantiated as a new column in the table. In addition, the list of columns can be provided dynamically, based on available database information and may be presented as a combination of column type, column semantics and user preferences. Further, if a column can be parameterized, appropriate parameter choices for instantiated column will be provided. Referring to FIG. 49, for example, if the column is P&L (profit and loss), choices of time horizon will be provided, such as daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly, as well as potentially an optional parameter, if it is realized or unrealized.

For example, a proxy column can be sorted upon, potentially changing the order of the table rows; or a proxy column can be charted without affecting the display of the table. As an example, in FIG. 43A, a table 4310 and a virtual column database 4315 are illustrated. Selecting a column M from the database 4315 and adding it to the table 4310 results in table 4320, as shown in FIG. 43B, with column M being added to the table as regular column.

All displayed regular columns can become virtual. FIG. 43C illustrates a table 4330 with a ‘V’ control 4332 in the table headers, which were for example activated by using control actuation button 600. Activating the ‘V’ control in column C will remove this column from the table 4330, resulting in table 4340 as shown in FIG. 43D, although the column is still available for all purpose in the virtual column database 4315. The use of the virtual columns is illustrated in FIGS. 43E-I. The column M is added, as a result of user selection, as a proxy column to the table 4350 (FIG. 43E) from the virtual column database 4315. The resulting table 4360 is shown in FIG. 43F, where 4365 represents a proxy column M. (Note that the content of the proxy column is not displayed, whereas the content is displayed when the virtual column is selected as real column, and therefore added to a table, as in FIG. 43B.) Sorting table 4360 by ascending value content of column M (which has values of 125 for row 1, 175 for row 2, and 100 for row 3 as shown in column content 4366) by activating a sort ascending control 4367 in the proxy column header results in the table 4370 shown in FIG. 43G, where control 4367A is visually marked.

Activating a graph control 4368 in proxy column 4365 in a table 4360 results in table 4380, where control 4368A is visually marked and graph 4385 is shown in FIG. 43H. Activating an ‘R’ control 4369 in proxy column 4365 in table 4360 will make the column a regular column M in table 4390, as illustrated in FIG. 43I.

Override Feature (Cell Operation)

Referring to FIG. 4, and the flow chart of FIG. 52, in another aspect of the invention, a display of a so-called “override” is presented in tabular form 74. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the system, for example, but not necessarily, in real time, provides for overriding the data provided by the system with user-generated data. Accordingly, referring to FIG. 4, the tabular representation 74 includes a so-called “override” section illustratively shown as the last column under “local price.” (Other columns could be identified as “overrideable” as well, provided, in accordance with the system, their data can be overwritten.) In this section, the user selects the cell(s) to override (step 5210) and can enter price data (step 5220), which is to override the actual price provided by the data in the system 18. In operation, the view may present, for a cell, a display of a text field 77 a and an override button 76 (x). Upon “clicking” on the override button “x,” (at step 5225) after entering the override data in the text field (here 25), the user's system will forward the override data through the network (step 5230), for example the web, to the system 18 where it will be used to recalculate all of the other dependent data in the system (step 5235) either locally or globally as determined by the user system. A new page display will then be generated (step 5240) containing an added unoverride button 77 in the cell being overridden, and provided to the user for display by the web server 40 (step 5250). (Each of the users that will have access to the effects of the overridden data, will see the changes according to system operation.) In this configuration, the user can thereafter “unoverride” the overridden data (step 5260) by clicking on the unoverride button 77 (which conditionally appears only in an overridden cell) and the system 18 will then reverse the overridden data with associated system provided data if such data exists, and will recalculate all of the data with such system provided data. The resulting revised display will then reflect the system provided value for any of the data, which has been “unoverrode.” Further, it is important to recognize that the system provided data may be dynamically changing or at least updated from the time of the override.

Accordingly, the system thus provides an operational flexibility unavailable previously and enables the real-time data presentation to be overridden in any and all of the processed displays presented by the system, and then “unoverridden”.

Row Operations

While the description herein has concentrated upon column manipulations and activities, as noted above, the same tools and functions could be equally applied to rows of a table. Further, however, the user has a capability in accordance with the invention to select a row, for example, by selecting a symbol, and to indicate for the selected row various operations similar to, but different than, those described above. Referring now to FIG. 8A, in one aspect, a user can modify or edit some of the row information by displaying the original screen where the row is defined, and effecting the modification. For example, a trade can be modified by clicking on the “Modify trade” control button 800. This causes a new screen to open (FIG. 8B), and the user either modifies 802, or cancels the trade, 803, causing a new window to open. After the user confirms that the trade is to be modified by clicking on the “yes” button 900 (FIG. 9), the system displays, referring to FIG. 10, the detailed data for that selected trade entry. The user can modify this trade entry as desired, and when done, the modified trade will replace the original trade in the user display (FIG. 8A) as well as in the system 18 storage and memory.

In another aspect of the invention, the user can require and display, for portfolio analysis, aggregated data (as described above) collected by any of a variety of characteristics, for example, by country as illustrated in FIG. 11. Alternative aggregated views can be provided to present the data, as noted in line 1000, by allocation, by asset class, by currency, by industry etc. These views, while accessed by the user, will be kept in the ViewServer cache 70 for display by the ApplicationServer 42 through the web server 40. When the aggregated symbol is clicked upon, a more detailed presentation, as shown in the display detail drill down table of FIG. 12, will be displayed.

Adaptive Pull

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, as noted above, the metadata is preferably provided with the retimed web page to automatically refresh the display at a periodic rate. When a refresh is requested by the browser, at 200, referring to FIG. 8, the ApplicationServer 42 inquires of the system, at 202, whether any of the data and/or presentation has changed, and if any has changed, that update data is available at 204 in ViewServer cache 70. Cache 70 is constantly being updated, asynchronously, as new data is acquired by the system, or as data is rearranged. The page is then reassembled and passed through the ApplicationServer at 206, to the web server at 208, and then to the user browser for eventual display at 210. This is a simple process for “HTML” pages.

If no change has been made in the data and/or presentation, then there is no need to provide a further update and the same page can be used at 209.

The system can automatically provide for a dynamically changing repetition rate for the refresh depending upon parameters set in accordance with the system operation. Thus, refresh can occur much more quickly when changes have been requested to be made to the display at the user system, but updates can be made much less frequently when, for example, further user requests have not taken place, for example, for ten minutes, or when the markets have closed. Other use parameters can also be provided to control the rate of refresh of the display, such as tabular display 72. For the financial markets, this can be depend upon the instruments being displayed, the time of day, the nature of the market, whether this is a new view or a new page (the system will automatically display a default view of the page when entered the first time), etc.

Alternative Data Sources

The ViewTOTAL data sources and processing servers are dependent on the task at hand and can vary. One useful embodiment is to load a table (or table like data) into ViewTOTAL from an external data source, for example, a spreadsheet, and allow it to be manipulated through controls provided in the interactive table described above. It can also share the resulting interaction with other users in the network. Another useful interaction is to load information into ViewServer from the web page by parsing it. The resulting information can be presented separately of the original page, or it may be displayed within a page which emulates the original page where a new table is substituted by the interactive table.

For example, the system can parse data from a data source (for example, a file, a database, a web page, etc.) and load it in ViewTOTAL for further interaction and sharing. Referring to FIG. 48, the system is provided, manually or automatically, with a data source (step 4810). If the data source is a web page address (URL), tested at 4820, the system parses the page and extracts table or table-like information from the page (step 4830). The system also maintains the original page information for further possible page duplication (step 4840). If the data source was not a web page address, the system extracts the data form the non web page data sources at 4845. If no errors occur, tested at 4850, the system attempts to analyze and classify the data at 4855. One example of the results of the system analysis is to identify a data column type.

The results of the analysis can them be presented to the user for correction or augmentation (step 4860). The system then loads the extracted table data information into the ViewTOTAL through the DataServer, populating other servers, for example ViewServer and the AnalyticalServer, caches. This is indicated at 4865. The ViewServer maintains the information in a table format (step 4870), and the ApplicationServer constructs a new page with a new table having interactive controls and populates the new table with the table from the ViewServer (step 4875). The system then presents the new page which will contain the new interactive table, where, in the case of a web page data source, it can, if requested, provide a duplicate of the original page to the extent possible, where the original table is replaced with the new interactive table (step 4880). In a particular aspect of the invention, the new page can contain a link to the original page (step 4885).

The user can then interact with the new table through its controls which communicate with the ViewServer (through the web server and Application Server as described above) (step 4890). The ViewServer responds to the user interaction as described hereinbefore and manipulates the table accordingly (step 4892). The ApplicationServer can construct the page containing a pre-arranged table which load information from the ViewServer cache and returns the page to the user through the web server (step 4894). The new page can be further shared among other users using the system sharing infrastructure as described in more detail elsewhere (step 4896). Finally, a new table cam be saved at any point of the interaction with the user in the system or at the user location for yet further interaction (step 4898).

Client-Based Programs

In an alternate embodiment of the invention, client-based programs (such as Java applets, C# programs, or local programs) can be employed to download, through the web, the necessary information, preferably on a real-time basis, to update the user view. In this aspect of the invention, the client-based programs are created so that most of the program effort takes place at the servers of system 18 while a relatively “thin” program is downloaded to the user's browser, or deployed on the user's computing devices. The refresh of data at the user display takes place, incrementally and dynamically, preferably in real time. The client-based program reads the display configuration from the server and dynamically creates appropriate view groups. One program can flexibly present any view groups, and any views within a view group, as well as any columns in the case of a table based configuration. Preferably, the user display changes occur in a minimum number of elements such as, in the case of tables, symbols, fields and cells as opposed to full pages in the case of HTML. Symbols (and hence rows) and fields (and hence columns) can be dynamically added and deleted as well as cells being dynamically updated. The program can deal with visual representation and interaction without necessarily fully “understanding” the content meaning.

Thus, according to this aspect of the invention, it is only necessary to use the “thin” client-based program since in this embodiment much of the available information or data is handled at the server. This results in a real time dynamic update of the information on display at the user's site.

One Click Failover

In yet another aspect of the invention, the display includes a “failover button”, which can be used in those instances where, for some reason, the system 18 is unable (or is slow, for example) to provide the display updates. In this embodiment of the invention, referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, clicking on the failover button enables the system to access an alternate web server 40 b connected to communication private networks 30, 32 to access an alternate ApplicationServer 42 b. The alternate ApplicationServer 42 b, as illustrated in FIG. 5B, then accesses the original ViewServer for the user, which maintained the display view parameters previously used to create the display seen by the user, and delivers it to the user browser, for example, through a faster route. If the original ViewServer were also unavailable, an alternate server would pick up the views recently accessed by this user. The ApplicationServer is thus able to update the previous display view, which is cached at the ViewServer, and delivers it through the web server 40 b, to the Internet and then to the user, thus enabling a reliable and redundant connection to the data even if, for example, the web server 40 a and/or ApplicationServer 42 a, originally being employed, were to fail or slow down. This operation is illustrated in FIG. 5A, the “before failover mode” configuration and FIG. 5B the “after failover mode” configuration. Importantly, it is the user who, in this embodiment, initiates the transfer upon recognizing the inability to obtain further updates or other views from the system 18 using the path originally assigned to it.

The link to the failover server will be generated by the current ApplicationServer with the name of the failover server, with an encrypted user identification (such as an access identifier or user name and password), timestamp (if the button is pressed after certain time period it will not be allowed to login for security reasons) as well as other parameters such as view name. The failover server will log in the user, connect to the ViewServer and display the specified view and as such it will provide “hot recovery.” Thus, for example, before failover, a page can have associated with it “failover” buttons (and written in the pages) as follows:

Button1 Button2 FailoverButton [http://serverA . . . ] [http://serverA . . . ] . . . [http://serverB . . . ]

After failover, the displayed page can contain the alternate failover identifications:

Button1 Button2 FailoverButton [http://serverB . . . ] [http://serverB . . . ] . . . [http://serverA . . . ] or [http://serverB . . . ] [http://serverB . . . ] . . . [http://serverC . . . ]

if more than 2 web servers are available for further redundancy.

General Look and Feel

Referring to FIG. 6, at the user/browser site, many different type displays can and are provided by the system 18. As noted above, in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4, various tables 80 can be provided to illustrate the data being requested. But in addition, graphs 82, charts 84, news text 86 and various Alert information, either in the form tables, texts, graphs, charts, or other indicia, can be provided and displayed to the user. In particular, when using, for example, the tables provided in FIG. 3, color can be indicative of changes in value from a previous update, or from an update within the previous, for example, ten minutes. Thus, red can, for example, be used to indicate values in any cell that have decreased in value while green might be used to represent values that have increased in value. This easy visual indication of changes in various portions of the table provide the user with an immediate advantageous secondary source of visual indication to enable quick understanding and mental analysis of the display being presented. This is particularly useful where the display is both involved and complex.

Referring to FIG. 6, each of the graphs, charts, and other presentations, etc. have a defined configuration. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, each user has his own preferred configuration for the graphs, tables, etc. The server maintains the configuration information for the user and provides to the user the information as the user has previously designated. In addition, as illustrated in, for example, FIG. 3, many of the application presentations have a structure in which they provide a View Group 800 such as the group's portfolio, trades, markets, trade entry, and log out (FIG. 3), and within the View Groups, views which include the interactive views 60.

The ViewServer will keep configuration data on a per user basis, identifying what View Groups 800 and Views 60 the user sees, as well as parameters for Tables (for example, which column to show and in what order) and Charts (for example, a default chart type). By clicking on User View Group, the application shows a list of Views for this group. By Clicking on the View, the application shows the presented data on one or more tables or charts or on a combination of them. Note also that certain views, like tables and charts, typically display dynamically changing information.

Referring to FIGS. 20A-D each page will have different display areas such as Display Browse Controls (View Group controls, View controls, View Slice controls), TableView, ChartView, AlertView, NewsView, MessageView etc. Each of those and other display areas can be hidden or revealed by display area control actuation buttons, such as buttons 1800, 1801, 1802. Selecting such a control button on the visible area will make this area disappear. Selecting it again will make this area reappear. Selecting button 1800 in FIG. 20A will cause the page view to change and look like FIG. 20B. Selecting button 1802 in FIG. 20B will cause the page view to change and look like FIG. 20C Selecting button 1802 in FIG. 20C will cause page view to change and look like FIG. 20D (the same view as FIG. 20B).

As noted above, to display data updates on the user screen, the ViewServer will refresh the page using the “refresh” meta tag embedded in the page HTML. The direction of the data change in the data preferably is provided by a color change, for example green to indicate an increase in value and red to indicate the decrease in value.

The user will have an interface to create new views from virtual columns. In addition the user can specify, other attributes such as filters, aggregations, e.t.c. At any point of time the view can be reconfigured, named and saved with its attributes. Also, the user will have an interface to create a ViewGroup and add/remove views, name and save ViewGroups, as well as create application displays by choosing ViewGroups. As such, the user has a full interactive capability to create his own configurable applications, which can be reconfigured further later.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Additions, subtractions, and modifications of the disclosed preferred embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those of skill in this field and are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: providing a computer-based service over a network to a set of users, wherein a first user, a second user and a third user belong to the set of users; receiving, by the computer-based service from the first user, a first expression of interest in being notified about interactions of the third user; receiving, by the computer-based service from the second user, a second expression of interest in being notified about interactions of the third user; receiving, by the computer-based service, an indication of a particular interaction of the third user; after receiving the first expression of interest, receiving the second expression of interest, and receiving the indication, the computer-based service performing the steps of: based, at least in part, on the first expression of interest, sending first information about the particular interaction to the first user; based, at least in part, on the second expression of interest, sending the first information about the particular interaction to the second user; wherein the first information includes a text description of the particular interaction and one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the particular interaction; and wherein the particular interaction includes interaction that causes change to a given view of the one or more views; receiving, by the computer-based service from the first user, a first comment, wherein the first comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; and causing display of the first comment, in relation to the first information, to the second user, without receiving, from the first user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the first comment.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of sending the first information is performed automatically in response to receiving the indication.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein a given link of the one or more links points to the given view.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment includes causing display of the first comment below the first information.
 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising: receiving, by the computer-based service from the second user, a second comment, wherein the second comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; and causing display of the second comment, in relation to the first information, to the first user, without receiving, from the second user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the second comment.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the first comment is displayed below the first information and the second comment is displayed below the first comment.
 7. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of causing display of the second comment to the first user includes causing display of the first comment below the first information, and the second comment below the first comment.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first information, the first comment and the second comment are displayed in a view that is organized as a bulletin board.
 9. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 8. 10. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 8. 11. The method of claim 5 wherein: wherein the step of causing display of the first comment to the second user is performed based, at least in part, on the second expression of interest; and wherein the step of causing display causing display of the second comment to the first user is performed based, at least in part, on the first expression of interest.
 12. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 11. 13. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 11. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein receiving the first expression of interest comprises receiving a specification of interest in being notified about interactions of the third user.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the text description includes information corresponding to the change to the given view.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the particular interaction corresponds to input, by the third user, that is entered in the given view, wherein the input caused recalculation of numeric content in the given view.
 17. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 16. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the first information is sent, by the computer-based service, to the first user and the second user, without receiving explicit instruction provided by the third user, regarding who should be notified specifically about the particular interaction.
 19. The method of claim 1 wherein a given link, of the one or more links, enables the first user to participate in same type of interaction with the given view, as the particular interaction.
 20. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 19. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein: the one or more views include the given view and a particular view, and the particular view is associated with the particular interaction at least in that the particular view provides context of the particular interaction.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein a given link, of the one or more links, points to both the given view and the particular view.
 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the text entry interface is related to the first information at least in that any comment entered in the text entry interface is shared with users that are authorized to access the first information.
 24. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment is performed automatically in response to receiving, by the computer-based service from the first user, the first comment.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment includes causing display of the first comment below the first information without causing redisplay of the first information.
 26. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 25. 27. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 25. 28. The method of claim 1 wherein: the interaction that causes the change to the given view involves causing at least a portion of content of a web page to be loaded to the computer-based service, thereby causing the given view to include the portion of content of the web page; and the web page is remote to the third user and the computer-based service.
 29. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 28. 30. The method of claim 1 wherein: the interaction that causes change to the given view corresponds to the third user loading a file to the computer-based service; and the given view is updated with content of said file.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the loaded file is a spreadsheet.
 32. The method of claim 30 wherein the loaded file includes at least one table.
 33. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 30. 34. The method of claim 1 further comprising: receiving, by the computer-based service, an indication of a given interaction of the third user, wherein the given interaction is a different type of interaction than the particular interaction; and after receiving the indication of the given interaction, the computer-based service sending second information about the given interaction to the first user, based, at least in part, on the first expression of interest; and wherein the second information includes one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the given interaction.
 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the step of sending the second information to the first user includes causing display of the second information concurrently with the first information in a first application display of the first user.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the first application display is a web page.
 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the first application display is a window.
 38. The method of claim 35 further comprising: receiving, by the computer-based service from the second user, a second comment, wherein the second comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; and causing display of the second comment, in the first application display, in relation to the first information and the first comment, without receiving, from the second user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the second comment; wherein the first application display includes a first view that is organized as a bulletin board; and the first view concurrently includes a first portion and the second portion, wherein the first portion corresponds to the first information, the first comment and the second comment and the second portion corresponds to the second information.
 39. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 38. 40. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 38. 41. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 35. 42. The method of claim 34 wherein: the given interaction corresponds to input of a first text by the third user; and the particular interaction corresponds to the third user loading a file to the computer-based service.
 43. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 42. 44. The method of claim 34 wherein: the given interaction corresponds to a request to share a web page by the third user; and the particular interaction corresponds to the third user loading a file to the computer-based service.
 45. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 44. 46. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 34. 47. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment to the second user is performed based, at least in part, on the first information having been sent to the second user.
 48. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 47. 49. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 47. 50. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment to the second user is performed based, at least in part, on the second expression of interest.
 51. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 1. 52. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform the method recited in claim
 1. 53. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method comprising steps of: receiving, by a locally-installed application, from a particular user, a first expression of interest in being notified about interactions of a first user of a computer-based service, wherein the application is not a web browser and the application is executing on a wireless PDA of the particular user; sending, by the application to the computer-based service, information regarding said first expression of interest; receiving by the application, from the particular user, a second expression of interest in being notified about interactions of a second user of the computer-based service; sending, by the application to the computer-based service, information regarding said second expression of interest; receiving, by the application, first information about a first interaction of the first user, wherein the first information is sent by the computer-based service based on the first expression of interest; wherein the first information includes one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the first interaction; receiving, by the application, second information about a second interaction of the second user, wherein the second information is sent by the computer-based service based on the second expression of interest; wherein the second information includes one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the second interaction; and concurrently displaying, by the application, the first information and the second information.
 54. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein: a given view, of the one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, is associated with the first interaction at least in that the first interaction includes interaction that causes change to the given view; and a given link, of the one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, provides access to the given view.
 55. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the application is downloaded from an application storage that is remote to the wireless PDA and the computer-based service.
 56. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein: the first interaction includes interaction with a web page; and the web page includes a particular view and a given view; the interaction with the web page includes interaction with the given view; a given link, of the one or more links that provide access to the one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, provides access to to the given view without providing access to the particular view.
 57. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the application, a first comment that is sent by the computer-based service, wherein the first comment is comment entered by a third user that received the first information based on the third user having expressed interest in being notified about interactions of the first user; and displaying, by the application, the first comment in relation to the first information.
 58. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 57 wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the application, a second comment entered by the particular user in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; and without receiving from the particular user any explicit indication of identity of with whom to share the second comment, sending, by the application, the second comment to the computer-based service to cause the computer-based service to send the second comment to the third user.
 59. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 57 wherein the step of displaying the first comment includes displaying the first comment below the first information without redisplaying the first information.
 60. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 57 wherein the first comment is sent to the application based, at least in part, on the first expression of interest.
 61. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the application, a comment entered by the particular user in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; sending, by the application, the comment to the computer-based service to cause the computer-based service to send the comment to at least one user that received the first information based on the at least one user having expressed interest in being notified about interactions of the first user, wherein the application sends the comment without receiving from the particular user an indication of identity of to whom to send the comment; and wherein the at least one user is different user than the particular user.
 62. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 61 wherein the at least one user is a plurality of users.
 63. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the first information includes a description corresponding to the first interaction.
 64. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 63 wherein the description includes information related to a context of the first interaction.
 65. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 63 wherein the description includes information corresponding to one or more changes that triggered, at least in part, the sending of the first information.
 66. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to the first user loading a file to the computer-based service; and at least one link, of the one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, enables access to content of said file.
 67. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 66 wherein the loaded file is a spreadsheet.
 68. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein: the first interaction includes interaction with a particular image; and a particular link, of the one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, provides access to the particular image.
 69. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 68 wherein the particular image is a graph or chart.
 70. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the method further comprises: in response to a given interaction, of the particular user, that causes change to a given content of the application, the application sending a given link to the computer-based service, wherein the given link enables access to the given content of the application.
 71. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 70 wherein the given link enables access to the given content from storage on the wireless PDA.
 72. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the first information and second information are concurrently displayed in the same application display.
 73. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 72 wherein the first interaction is a different type of interaction than the second interaction.
 74. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 73 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to a request to share a web page by the first user; and the second interaction corresponds to the second user loading a file to the computer-based service.
 75. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 74 wherein: the web page comprises a view of the one or more views that are associated with the first interaction; and a link, of the one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the second interaction, enables access to content of said file.
 76. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 53 wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the application, a first comment that is sent by the computer-based service, wherein the first comment is comment entered by a third user that received the first information based on the third user having expressed interest in being notified about interactions of the first user; and displaying, by the application, the first comment below the first information in the same application display.
 77. A method comprising: maintaining, for a particular user, by a computer-based service, particular content; sending to a first user, by the computer-based service, a first invitation that is from the particular user; in response to receiving, by the computer-based service, an indication of acceptance of the first invitation by the first user, the computer-based service enabling the first user to access the particular content; sending to a second user, by the computer-based service, a second invitation that is from the particular user; in response to receiving, by the computer-based service, an indication of acceptance of the second invitation by the second user, the computer-based service enabling the second user to access the particular content; in response to receiving, by the computer-based service, an indication of a first interaction of the particular user, the computer-based service performing the steps of: sending first information about the first interaction to the first user; sending the first information to the second user; wherein the first information includes a particular link that provides access to the particular content; and wherein the first interaction includes interaction that causes change to the particular content; receiving, by the computer-based service from the first user, a first comment, wherein the first comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; causing display of the first comment, in relation to the first information, to the second user, without receiving, from the first user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the first comment; receiving, by the computer-based service from the second user, a second comment, wherein the second comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; and causing display of the second comment, in relation to the first information, to the first user, without receiving, from the second user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the second comment.
 78. The method of claim 77 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to input of a first text, by the particular user, into a text entry interface that is related to the particular content; and the method further comprises the computer-based service adding the first text to the particular content.
 79. The method of claim 78 wherein the text entry interface is a text view.
 80. The method of claim 77 wherein the first information includes a text description of the first interaction.
 81. The method of claim 77 wherein: the first information, the first comment and the second comment are concurrently displayed in a first application display of the first user; the first application display of the first user is generated by a locally installed client-based program that is not a web browser; the locally installed client-based program is a program that is downloaded to a wireless PDA from an application storage that is remote relative to the wireless PDA; the first application display of the first user is displayed by the wireless PDA; and the application storage is maintained remotely from said computer-based service.
 82. The method of claim 77 further comprising: receiving, by the computer-based service from the first user, a third comment, wherein the first comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the particular content; and adding, by the computer-based service, the third comment to the particular content.
 83. The method of claim 77 wherein the step of maintaining the particular content includes storing the particular content on a mass storage.
 84. The method of claim 77 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment is performed automatically in response to receiving, by the computer-based service from the first user, the first comment.
 85. The method of claim 77 wherein the first comment is displayed to the first user below the first information in a first view, and the second comment is displayed in the first view below the first comment.
 86. The method of claim 85 wherein the first view includes description of the first interaction.
 87. The method of claim 77 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to the particular user causing at least a portion of content of a web page to be loaded to the computer-based service; the web page is remote to the particular user and the computer-based service; and the first interaction causes the particular content to be updated with the portion of content of the web page.
 88. The method of claim 87 wherein the first interaction causes the particular content to be updated with a link that provides access to the web page.
 89. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 88. 90. The method of claim 77 wherein the particular content corresponds to content of at least one application display.
 91. The method of claim 90 wherein the at least one application display comprises at least one web page.
 92. The method of claim 77 wherein the particular content corresponds to content of at least one view.
 93. The method of claim 77 wherein the first information includes a text description that provides context of the first information.
 94. The method of claim 93 wherein the text description is derived from the first interaction.
 95. The method of claim 93 wherein the text description includes headline about the first interaction.
 96. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 93. 97. The method of claim 77 wherein the first information includes a text description that is derived from the first interaction.
 98. The method of claim 77 wherein the first information includes a headline about the first interaction.
 99. The method of claim 77 wherein the particular link enables the first user to participate in same type of interaction with the particular content, as the first interaction.
 100. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 99. 101. The method of claim 77 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment includes causing display of the first comment below the first information without causing redisplay of the first information.
 102. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 101. 103. The method of claim 77 further comprising: in response to receiving, by the computer-based service, the indication of acceptance of the first invitation by the first user, the computer-based service adding, to the particular content, information that identifies the first user as a user that has established a connection with the particular user; and in response to receiving, by the computer-based service, the indication of acceptance of the second invitation by the second user, the computer-based service adding, to the particular content, information that identifies the second user as a user that has established a connection with the particular user.
 104. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 103. 105. The method of claim 77 wherein the first invitation includes a first link and the acceptance of the first invitation includes usage of the first link.
 106. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim
 77. 107. A system, comprising one or more processors configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform a method comprising steps of: receiving from a first user a first expression of interest in being notified about interactions of a third user; receiving from a second user a second expression of interest in being notified about interactions of the third user; receiving from the first user a third expression of interest in being notified about interactions of a fourth user; after receiving the first expression of interest, the second expression of interest and the third expression of interest, in response, at least in part, to receiving an indication of a particular interaction of the fourth user, performing the step of: without sending first information to the second user, sending the first information to the first user based, at least in part, on the third expression of interest, to cause display of the first information in a first application display of the first user, wherein the first information includes a description of the particular interaction; after receiving the first expression of interest, the second expression of interest and the third expression of interest, in response, at least in part, to receiving an indication of a given interaction of the third user, performing the steps of: while the first application display includes the first information, sending second information to the first user, based, at least in part, on the first expression of interest, to cause display of the second information in the first application display concurrently with the first information; based, at least in part, on the second expression of interest, sending the second information to the second user to cause display of the second information in a second application display of the second user, wherein the second application display does not include the first information; and wherein the second information includes one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the given interaction; receiving from the first user a first comment, wherein the first comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the second information; and causing display of the first comment, in the second application display, in relation to the second information, without receiving, from the first user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the first comment.
 108. The system of claim 107 wherein the following steps are performed in real-time: receiving from the first user a first comment, wherein the first comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the second information; and causing display of the first comment, in the second application display, in relation to the second information, without receiving, from the first user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the first comment.
 109. The system of claim 107 wherein: causing display of the first comment includes causing display of the first comment in a particular view of the second application display, wherein the particular view is organized as a bulletin board; and the bulletin board includes a subject that is derived from the given interaction.
 110. The system of claim 107 wherein the method further comprises limiting access to the first comment to users of the system who are authorized to access the second information.
 111. The system of claim 107 wherein the method further comprises: causing display of the first comment, in the first application display, in relation to the second information; receiving from the second user a second comment, wherein the second comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the second information; and causing display of the second comment, in the first application display, in relation to the second information and the first comment, without receiving, from the second user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the second comment.
 112. The system of claim 111 wherein: the first application display includes a first view that is organized as a bulletin board; and the first view concurrently includes a first portion and the second portion, wherein the first portion corresponds to the first information and the second portion corresponds to the second information, the first comment and the second comment.
 113. The system of claim 107 wherein: the first information includes one or more links that provide access to the one or more views that are associated with the particular interaction; and the description includes a text description of the particular interaction.
 114. The system of claim 107 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment is performed in response to receiving from the first user the first comment.
 115. The system of claim 107 wherein system causing display of the first comment to the second user without resending the second information to the second user.
 116. The system of claim 107 wherein the system is configured to send the first comment to the second user based, at least in part, on the second expression of interest.
 117. The system of claim 107 wherein receiving the first expression of interest comprises receiving a specification of interest in being notified about interactions of the third user.
 118. The system of claim 107 wherein a given view, of the one or more views that are associated with the given interaction, is associated with the given interaction at least in that the given interaction includes interaction with the given view; and a given link, of the one or more links, provides access to the given view.
 119. The system of claim 118 wherein the one or more views include the given view and a particular view, and the particular view is associated with the given interaction at least in that particular view provides context of the given interaction.
 120. The system of claim 118 wherein the given link points to the given view.
 121. The system of claim 118 wherein the given link is a URL.
 122. The system of claim 107 wherein: the first application display of the first user is generated by a locally installed client-based program that is not a web browser; the locally installed client-based program is a program that is downloaded to a wireless PDA from an application storage that is remote relative to the wireless PDA; the first application display of the first user is displayed by the wireless PDA; and the application storage is maintained remotely from said computer-based service.
 123. The system of claim 107 wherein: the given interaction corresponds to the third user loading at least a portion of a file to the system; and a given link of the one or more links that are included in the second information provides access to the at least a portion of the file.
 124. The system of claim 123 wherein the loaded file is a spreadsheet.
 125. The system of claim 123 wherein the given interaction corresponds to the third user loading at least one table from the file.
 126. The system of claim 107 wherein the particular interaction corresponds to the fourth user joining a group of users.
 127. The system of claim 107 wherein: the given interaction corresponds to input of a text, by the third user, into a text entry interface that is related to a given view, wherein the given view is shared among the first, second and third users; the method further comprises maintaining for the third user, content of the given view; and a given link, from one or more links that provide access to the one or more views that are associated with the given interaction, provides access to said given view.
 128. The system of claim 107 wherein the particular interaction corresponds to the fourth user accepting invitation from a fifth user to share content that is maintained, by the system, for the fifth user.
 129. The system of claim 107 wherein: causing display of the first comment includes causing display of the first comment below the second information in a particular view of the second application display; and the second information includes a headline about the given interaction.
 130. The system of claim 107 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment to the second user is performed based, at least in part, on the second information having been sent to the second user.
 131. The system of claim 107 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment to the second user is performed based, at least in part, on the second expression of interest.
 132. The system of claim 107 wherein the given interaction is a different type of interaction than the particular interaction.
 133. The system of claim 132 wherein: the given interaction corresponds to a request to share a portion of web page by the third user; and the particular interaction corresponds to the fourth user joining a group of users.
 134. The system of claim 132 wherein: the given interaction corresponds to a request to share a portion of web page by the third user; and the particular interaction corresponds to the fourth user joining a group of users, a given link, of the one or more links that provide access to the one or more views that are associated with the given interaction, provides access to the portion of web page.
 135. The system of claim 107 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment is performed automatically in response to receiving the first comment from the first user.
 136. A wireless PDA, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the wireless PDA to perform a method comprising steps of: receiving, by a locally-installed application, from a particular user, a first expression of interest in being notified about interactions of a first user of a computer-based service, wherein the application is not a web browser and the application is executing on the wireless PDA of the particular user; sending, by the application to the computer-based service, information regarding said first expression of interest; receiving by the application, from the particular user, a second expression of interest in being notified about interactions of a second user of the computer-based service; sending, by the application to the computer-based service, information regarding said second expression of interest; receiving, by the application, first information about a first interaction of the first user, wherein the first information is sent by the computer-based service based on the first expression of interest; wherein the first information includes one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the first interaction; receiving, by the application, second information about a second interaction of the second user, wherein the second information is sent by the computer-based service based on the second expression of interest; wherein the second information includes one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the second interaction; and concurrently displaying, by the application, the first information and the second information.
 137. The wireless PDA of claim 136 wherein: a given view, of the one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, is associated with the first interaction at least in that the first interaction includes interaction that causes change to the given view; and a given link, of the one or more links, provides access to the given view.
 138. The wireless PDA of claim 136 wherein: the first interaction includes interaction with a web page; and a given link, of the one or more links that provide access to the one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, provides access to the web page.
 139. The wireless PDA of claim 136 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to the first user loading a file to the computer-based service; and at least one link, of the one or more links that provide access to one or more views that are associated with the first interaction, enables access to content of said file.
 140. The wireless PDA of claim 136 wherein the method further comprises: receiving, by the application, a first comment that is sent by the computer-based service, wherein the first comment is comment entered by a third user that received the first information; and displaying, by the application, the first comment in relation to the first information without redisplaying the first information.
 141. The wireless PDA of claim 136 wherein the method further comprises: downloading the locally-installed application to the wireless PDA from an application storage that is remote to the computer-based service.
 142. A system, comprising memory operatively coupled to one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions that cause the system to perform a method comprising steps of: maintaining for a particular user particular content; sending to a first user a first invitation that is from the particular user; in response to receiving an indication of acceptance of the first invitation by the first user, enabling the first user to access the particular content; sending to a second user a second invitation that is from the particular user; in response to receiving an indication of acceptance of the second invitation by the second user, enabling the second user to access the particular content; in response to receiving an indication of a first interaction of the particular user performing the steps of: sending first information about the first interaction to the first user; sending the first information to the second user; wherein the first information includes a particular link that provides access to the particular content; and wherein the first interaction includes interaction that causes change to the particular content; receiving from the first user a first comment, wherein the first comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; sending the first comment to the second user, to enable display of the first comment, in relation to the first information, to the second user, without receiving, from the first user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the first comment; receiving from the second user a second comment, wherein the second comment is entered in a text entry interface that is related to the first information; and sending the second comment to the first user, to enable display of the second comment, in relation to the first information, to the first user, without receiving, from the second user, any explicit indication of with whom to share the second comment.
 143. The system of claim 142 wherein: the interaction that causes change to the particular content corresponds to the particular user loading a file to the system; and the method further comprises adding at least a portion of content of the file to the particular content.
 144. The system of claim 143 wherein the loaded file is a spreadsheet.
 145. The system of claim 142 wherein: the first interaction includes a particular image being added to the particular content.
 146. The system of claim 145 wherein the particular image is a graph or chart.
 147. The system of claim 142 wherein: the particular content includes a particular image; and the interaction that causes change to the particular content causes change to the particular image.
 148. The system of claim 142 wherein the method further comprises: in response to receiving the indication of acceptance of the first invitation by the first user adding to the particular content information that identifies the first second as a user that established connection with the particular user; and in response to receiving the indication of acceptance of the second invitation by the second user adding to the particular content information that identifies the second as a user that established connection with the particular user.
 149. The system of claim 142 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to input of a first text, by the particular user, into a text entry interface that is related to the particular content; and the method further comprises adding the first text to the particular content.
 150. The system of claim 142 wherein the step of sending the first comment automatically causes display of the first comment, in relation to the first information, to the second user.
 151. The system of claim 142 wherein the step of sending the first comment automatically causes display of the first comment, in relation to the first information without causing redisplay of the first information, to the second user.
 152. The system of claim 142 wherein: the first interaction corresponds to the particular user causing at least a portion of content of a web page to be loaded to the system; the web page is remote to the particular user and the system; and the first interaction causes the particular content to be updated with the portion of content of the web page.
 153. The system of claim 142 wherein the particular link enables the first user to participate in same type of interaction with the particular content, as the first interaction.
 154. The system of claim 142 wherein the step of causing display of the first comment includes causing display of the first comment below the first information without causing redisplay of the first information.
 155. The system of claim 142 wherein: the system sends the first comment to the second user based, at least in part, on the first information having been sent to the second user; and the system sends the second comment to the first user based, at least in part, on the first information having been sent to the first user.
 156. The system of claim 142 wherein the step of sending the first comment is performed automatically in response to receiving the first comment from the first user. 